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m;h;r;eg;;c;I Wtp;T;I a;i[; p;>s;;r |
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m;h;r;eg;;c;I Wtp;T;I a;i[; p;>s;;r / j;In;;eim;ks;c;; n;v;; iv;j;y;
B;;rt; j;b;;b;d;rIt;Un; m;ukt;
iv;{;y;p;>v;ex;/
B;;rt;;n;e j;g;;l; idleDy;; de[;gy;;t; g;i[;t;;t;Il x;Uny; a;i[; as;;Qy; r;eg;;t;Il m;h;r;eg; y;;]c;I ku:its;t;p;[;e g;[;n;; h;et;e. x;Uny;;m;Q;Il t;uc%t;em;;g;c;; m;UK;*p;[;; k:Lt;;e v; t;;e K;;e#Un; k:;$[y;;c;I g;rj; n;;hI. p;[; m;h;r;eg; B;;rt;;t;Un; j;g;B;r p;s;rl; he a;p;[; b;rIc; v;{;e* Aek:t; a;l;e a;h;et;. g;]m;t; ax;I v;;!t;e k:I a;idm;;n;v; a;if>:ke:t;Un; j;g;B;r p;s;rl; a;i[; m;h;r;eg;? B;;rt;;t;Un;. K;rI g;;e{! a;j; iv;N;n;;n;e WG;# ke:lI a;he . #IAn;A cy;; aBy;;s;;t;Un; m;;n;v;;c;I sv;t;]F;p;[;e k:;L;n;us;;r G;#lelI sq;l;]t;rehI p;#t;;Lt;; y;et;;t; a;i[; sq;l;]t;r;c;I idx;;hI. leK; j;Or v;;c;;. y;;t;Il k:;hI ikl{! B;;s;[;;Ry;; k:Dp;n;;]c;; K;ul;s;; leK;k:;]s; j;Or iv;c;;r;.
m;h;r;eg; h; b;RY;c; j;uny;; k:;Lp;;s;Un; s;uK;I a;y;u{y;;c;; iv;Qv;]s; k:r[;;r; x;;p; a;he. flU (Influenza) cy;; s;t;t; v; iv;st;&t; p;s;r[;;Ry;; s;;q;I, k&:{[; m;&ty;up;;x; (Black Death, by;Ub;;|in;k: pleg;), A#s; (AIDS) y;;]cy;; K;Up; a;Q;Icy;; k:;L;p;;s;Un; m;h;r;eg; a;he. m;h;r;eg; as;e ij;q;e, du/K;c;I ids;e it;q;e.
m;h;r;eg;;c;e sv;Op;/
m;;y;k:;eb;|ik!iry;m; lep;>I (Microbacterium Lepri) y;; s;UZm; j;]t;U]m;uLe (Bacteria) m;h;r;eg; h;et;;e h; p;;Sc;ty; v;Eêk:Iy; x;;eQ; 1873 s;;lI h|ns;n;< y;; x;;sF;N;n;e l;v;l;, mh[;Un; y;; r;eg;;s; h|ns;ns;< i#s;Iz;< as;ehI mh[;t;;t;. p;r]t;u hj;;r;e v;{;e* p;>c;ilt; as;lel; h; r;eg; t;s;; x;;sF;N;n;; p;uOn; Wrl; a;he. a;Q;I tv;c;ev;r m;g; it;j;j;v;Lcy;; m;jj;;t;]t;U]v;r, t;s;ec; k:f:;s;;rK;e ic;k:! p;d;q;* (Mucus) t;y;;r k:r[;;Ry;; wind>y;;]c;; he j;]t;U hLU hLU n;;x; k:rt;;t;. y;; p;>dIG;* r;eg;;c;; s;]s;g;* r;egy;;cy;; n;;k:;t;;e]#;t;Un; W#[;;re q;e]b; dus;Ry;;cy;; x;rIr;v;r p;#Un; ik:]v;; wl;j; n; z;;leDy;; og[;;]x;I s;t;t; s;]p;k*: a;Dy;;n;e h;et;;e. y;; r;eg;;c;e s;UZm;j;]t;U f:;r s;;v;k:;x; g;t;In;e v;;$t;;t;. p;ex;I]c;e iv;B;j;n; h;e[y;;s;hI b;r;c; k:;L l;g;t;;e. p;ex;Ic;e p;U[;* s;]v;Q;*n; h;e[y;;s; s;um;;re p;;c; v;{;e* l;g;t;;t; a;i[; ax;I l;g;[; z;;Dy;;n;]t;r og[;;t; r;eg;;c;I ic;nhe ids;U l;g;ep;y;*]t;hI v;Is; Ak: v;{;;*]c;; k:;L l;g;t;;e. a;i[; he j;]t;U x;rIr;b;;her mh[;j;e p;>y;;eg;x;;Let; v;;$v;t;; y;et; n;;hIt;. y;; k:;r[;;]m;uLec; wt;ky;; j;uny;; r;eg;;v;r Wp;;y; (a;E{;Q; ik:]v;; p;>it;b;]Q;k: ls;) x;;eQ;Un; k:;$[;e x;;sF;N;n;; dur;p;;st; z;;le. 1940 p;y;*t; f:T;: Ak: a;E{;Q; - #|ps;;en; (Dapsone) v;;p;r;t; h;et;e. p;[; lv;k:rc; he j;]t;U ty;;l; j;um;;n;Is;e z;;le. a;t;; #|ps;;en;l; irf\:imps;n; (Riphampsin) a;i[; kl;ef:;iz;im;n; (Clophazimin) y;; d;en; j;]t;un;;x;k:;]c;I (Antibiotics) j;;e# de~n; Wp;c;;r ke:le j;;t;;t;. j;r he Wp;c;;r tv;irt; ke:le g;ele, t;r r;eg;;t;Un; m;;[;Us; p;U[;*p;[;e b;c;;v;t;;e. y;;m;uLe a;j; y;; r;eg;;c;e b;hut;ek: s;uQ;;rleDy;; dex;;t;Un; Wcc;;!n; z;;le as;le, t;rI a;if>:k:;, a;ix;y;; a;i[; diZ;[; am;eirke:m;Q;Il b;Ry;;c; r;{!M;]m;Q;Un; y;;c;; p;>;duB;;*v; aj;Un; a;$Lt;;e.
r;egy;];b;älc;I av;heln;;/
m;&ty;Uc;I K;;F;I, a;E{;Q;;]c;; aB;;v; a;i[; s;]s;g;;*c;I B;It;I ax;; k:;r[;;n;I m;h;r;eg;;c;; j;g;B;rc; s;t;t; it;rsk:;r z;;lel; a;he. y;;l; b;LI p;#leDy;; og[;;]cy;; n;ix;b;I s;m;;j;;k:#Un; t;uc%t;; p;drI p;#t;e. hI B;y;;n;k: t;uc%t;; Aeit;h;is;k: k:;L;p;;s;Un; p;>c;ilt; a;he. ax;; og[;;n;; s;m;;j; v;eg;Le k:;$t;;e (lep;r k:;|ln;Ij;<, s;|in;!;eiry;;). a;j;hI ty;;]c;ex;I ku:[;I x;ej;;rI p;;j;;rI j;v;LIk: @ev;It; n;;hIt; a;i[; ty;;]cy;;p;;s;Un; d;en; h;t; a]t;r @e~n; rh;t;;t;. m;Qy;y;ug;In; k:;L;t; y;; r;eg;;v;r Wp;c;;rc; n;vht;e. ty;; k:;LI as;e og[; g;;v;;b;;herc; v;eg;^Y; a;Xm;;t; rh;t; a;i[; it;q;ec; ty;;]c;; m;&ty;U h;ew*. b;;b;;s;;heb; a;m;!Y;]s;;rK;e Pi{;t;uDy; s;ev;k: v;g;Lle, t;r B;;rt;;m;Q;ehI og[;;]c;I av;heln;; as;e.
m;h;r;eg;;c;; p;Uv;e*it;h;s;/
j;g;;t; m;h;r;eg;;c;I p;>q;m; Wtp;T;I ku:@e z;;lI v; t;;e r;eg; j;g;B;r k:s;; fE:l;v;l;? w. s;. p;Uv;* 600 v;{;;*cy;; k:;L;t;Il a;p;Dy;; v;Eidk: v; Wp;in;{;d;t;Il v;;Vm;y;;t; m;h;r;eg;;c;; s;]dB;* im;Lt;;e. ty;;m;Q;e r;egy;;c;I b;;e!e z;#t; as;Dy;;c;e v; h;t;;p;;y;;]cy;; b;;e!;t;Il sp;x;*N;n; n;{! z;;Dy;;c;I v;[;*n;e a;het;. t;s;ec; ty;;]m;Q;e c;In;, B;;rt; a;i[; w*ij;pt; m;Q;Il y;; r;eg;;c;e aist;tv; v;i[;*lele a;$Lt;e. wij;pt;m;Q;Il WtK;n;n;;t; ax;; r;eg;;n;e m;&t; z;;leDy;; m;;[;s;;]c;e s;;p;LehI im;L;le a;het;. p;;Sc;;Ty; wit;h;s;k:;r;n;I n;m;Ud ke:lel; a;j;c;; s;v;*s;;m;;ny; s;m;j; as;; k:I h; r;eg; p;>q;m; B;;rt;;t; WdB;v;l;. m;g; t;;e c;In;, j;p;;n; m;Q;e p;s;rt; j;;~n; p;|is;if:k: m;h;s;;g;r;t;Il ny;U k\:il#;ein;y;; s;;rKy;; b;e!;t; Ak:;e[;Is;;vy;; vy;; x;t;k:;t; p;;eh;ec;l;. w.s;. p;Uv;* 400 cy;; k:;L;t; alekz;;]#r d g;>e! y;;, t;;ev;r aij;]ky; @rleDy;; g;>Ik: a;k>:m;k:;c;e B;;rt;;t;Il p;;Ers; y;; r;j;;b;r;eb;r y;uQd z;;le. ty;;n;]t;r ty;;c;e j;e s;Ein;k: m;;g;e r;ihle, ty;;}cy;;m;Q;e h; r;eg;;c;I l;g;[; z;;lI. p;u$e y;;p;Ek:I p;rt;leDy;; s;Ein;k:;n;I m;h;r;eg;;c;I g;>Is;m;Q;e a;y;;t; ke:lI. it;q;Un; t;;e m;Qy; y;ur;ep;;t; g;el; a;i[; n;]t;r r;em;n; sv;;Ry;;]t;fe*: p;iSc;m; y;ur;ep;;t; p;;eh;ec;l;. s;h;r; v;;Lv;]!;cy;; diZ;[;es; y;; r;eg;;c;e Aeit;h;is;k: s;]dB;* Wp;lbQ; n;;hIt;. m;;F; y;ur;ep;Iy; v;s;;ht; k:;L;p;Uv;I* t;;e h;et;; he n;kk:I. a;j;p;y;*t; j;e j;e leK;k:, p;>v;;s;I a;i[; ic;ik:ts;k: B;;rt;;t; j;;~n; a;le, ty;;n;I B;;rt;;v;r - m;h;r;eg;;c;; dex; (India - The Land of Lepers) h; @p;k:; k:;y;m;c;; m;;On; @ev;l; a;he. a;i[; B;;rt;Iy;hI "p;;Sc;;Ty; wit;h;s;k:;r K;;e!e k:x;;l; iliht;Il, ik:v;; ty;;]c;; K;;e!ep;[;; is;Qd k:s;; k:r[;;r ?" ax;; iv;c;;r;]n;I m;Ug; ig;LUn; b;s;le a;het;.
d]t;k:q;et;Il ip;t;L WG;#e/
v;EN;in;k: Z;eF;;b;;herhI m;;n;d]# @rel as;; #;|. k:;el y;;]c;; Ak: in;b;]Q; n;uk:t;;c; "s;;y;ns;" y;; m;;is;k:;cy;; 13 m;e 2005 cy;; a]k:;t; p;>is;Qd z;;l;. y;; leK;;n;e "B;;rt;;n;e j;g;;l; idleDy;;" de[;g;It;Il K;r; p;>k:;r WG;#k:Is; a;[;l; a;he. #IAn;A (DNA) m;Q;e x;t;k:; x;t;k:;n;I h;e[;;re s;UZm; b;dl aBy;;is;[y;;c;e n;v;e t;]F; - k:mp;erei!vh j;In;;eim;ks;< (Comparative Jenomics) - y;;c;; s;ureK; v;;p;r k:On; m;;y;k>:;eb;|ik!iry;m; lep;>I (Am;< lep;>I - Microbacterium Lepre - m;h;r;eg;;c;e j;]t;U) m;Q;Il DNA cy;; b;dl;]c;; s;m;nv;y; l;v;[y;;s; #;|. k:;el y;;]cy;; s;um;;re v;Is; x;;sF;N s;m;Uh;n;e s;urv;;t; ke:lI a;i[; m;h;r;eg;;c;I Wtp;T;I a;i[; p;>s;;r;c;I idx;; in;iSc;t; ke:lI. y;; aBy;;s;;t;Un; B;;rt;;t; a;$L[;;rI m;h;r;eg;;c;I s!Men; p;iSc;m;et;Il s!Men;x;I j;uLt; n;s;Un; m;ULc;; a;if>:ke:t; WdB;v;lel; r;eg;c; j;g;B;r p;s;rDy;;c;e is;Qd ke:le.
k:mp;erei!vh j;In;;eim;ks;< y;; t;]F;;c;e sv;Op;/
j;]t;us;m;Uh;t;hI v;eg;v;eg;^Y; g;u[;Q;m;;*]c;e v;g;* (Strains) as;t;;t;. #;|. k:;el n;I p;>y;;eg;;]s;;@I j;g;;t;Il v;eg;v;eg;^Y; p;>dex;;]t;Un; lep;>s;I b;|is;lIc;e (Leprosy Basili) s;;t; s!Mens;< in;v;#le. y;;t; d;en; B;;rt;;t;Il (t;;im;Ln;;#U - TN), a;i[; wt;r p;>ty;ek:I wiq;a;eip;y;;, b;>;iz;l, m;eiks;k:;e, q;;y;l]# a;i[; y;UAs;A wq;le. m;;y;F;:;e are !ekn;;|l;|j;I (Micro-Array Technology) y;; t;]F;;cy;; a;Q;;r;n;e ty;;n;; TN s!Men;c;; wt;r s!Mens;x;I s;]b;]Q; ids;en;;. a;t;; ty;;n;I #IAn;A cy;; X&]K;l; ac;uk: aj;m;;v;[;;re sv;y;]c;ilt; y;]F; (Automated DNA Sequencer) v;;p;On; Am;.lep;>Icy;; v;eg;v;eg;^Y; v;g;;*]m;Q;Il DNA c;e p;&q;/k:r[; k:r[y;;s; s;urv;;t; ke:lI. y;; p;&q;/k:r[;;t; ty;;n;; Ak: in;iSc;t; sv;Op;;c;; s;m;nv;y; a;$Ll;. ty;;n;I ty;;l; is;]g;l ny;Uikla;e!;w# p;;|ilm;;|if*:z;m; (SNP) he n;;v; idle. ty;;]m;Q;Un; f:T;: c;;r F;:m;b;dl;]m;Q;e SNP c;e sv;Op; a;i[; n;m;uny;;c;; dex; y;;m;Q;e s;m;nv;y; l;v;t;; y;e[;e s;ulB; z;;le. y;; c;;r;n;; ty;;n;I !;wp; 1, 2, 3, 4 ax;; s;]N; idDy;;. ty;;]c;e !;wp; v; Wg;m;sq;;n;c;e p;>dex; y;;]c;e sv;Op; as;e/
!;wp; 1 - (SNP - GCA) h; p;>k:;r a;ix;y;; (B;;rt;, n;ep;;L, w]#;ec;;y;n;;) a;i[; p;Uv;* a;if>:ke:t;
!;wp; 2 - (SNP - CTA) h; p;>k:;r f:T;: wiq;a;eip;y;;, m;;l;v;I (p;Uv;* a;if>:k:;), n;ep;;L«WT;r B;;rt; a;i[; ny;U k\:le#;ein;y;;.
!;wp; 3 - (SNP - CTC) y;ur;ep;, WT;r a;if>:k:; a;i[; d;enhI am;eirk:;
!;wp; 4 - (SNP - TTC) p;iSc;m; a;if>:k:; a;i[; k\:rIib;y;n; p;>dex;.
y;;n;]t;r y;; SNP cy;; p;rIZ;[;;t;Un; #;|. k:;el y;;]cy;; s;m;Uh;n;e Am; lep;>Icy;; k:;L;n;us;;r WtF;:;]t;I m;;g;Il idx;; aj;m;;v;t;; y;et;e as;e is;Qd ke:le. y;; WtF;:;]t;Iecy;; d;en; Op;re{;; t;e s;uc;v;t;;t;.
Ak:; Op;re{;ep;>m;;[;e - !;wp; 2 h; !;wp; 1 cy;; a;Q;Ic;;. t;;e p;Uv;e*k:#e p;>q;m; p;s;rl;. t;s;ec; !;wp; 3 h; y;Ur;ep;B;r p;s;rDy;;n;]t;r ty;;c;e !;wp; 4 m;Q;e Op;;]t;r z;;le. dus;rI x;ky;t;; ax;I - !;wp; 1 h; !;wp; 2 cy;; a;Q;Ic;;. !;wp; 3 v; 4 he ty;;c; F;:m;;n;e n;]t;rc;e. #;|. k:;elcy;; m;t;e !;wp; 2 h; t;s;; duim;*L as;Un; t;;e !;wp; 1 cy;; a;Q;Ic;;c; as;;v;;. t;s;ec; !;wp; 3 v; !;wp; 4 y;;]m;Q;Il s;;Q;my;* he !;wp; 1 v; !;wp; 2 p;eZ;; j;;st; a;he. y;; a;i[; ax;; is;Qdt;;]cy;; p;rIZ;[;;]v;On; y;; x;;sF;Ns;m;Uh;n;e k:;$lel; in;{k:{;* as;; k:I
m;h;r;eg; m;;n;v;;p;>m;;[;e p;Uv;* a;if>:ke:t;c; j;nm;l; a;i[; n;]t;r ty;;c;I Ak: s!Men; p;Uv;e*k:#e mh[;j;e B;;rt;, n;ep;;L a;i[; wn#;ec;;y;n;;m;Q;e p;s;rlI.
n;v;; wit;h;s;/
#;|. k:;el y;;]cy;; s;]x;;eQ;n;;c;; a;i[; in;b;]Q;;c;; s;;r;]x; mh[;j;e b;r;c; k:;L isq;r r;hU x;k:[;;re m;h;r;eg;;c;e DNA y;;]c;; s;K;;el aBy;;s; v;;$v;Un; m;;n;v;;c;I p;&qv;Iv;rIl p;irF;:m;[;e a;i[; ty;;]m;Q;Il k:;L;c;e !pp;e ac;uk: rIt;In;e s;m;j;[y;;s; sv;t;]F; a;Q;;r mh[;Un; v;;p;rt;; y;et;Il. wt;r s!Mens;c;; a;t;; s;m;nv;y; as;; l;g;t;;e.
1. p;Uv;* a;if>:ke:t;Un; p;iSc;m;ek:#e p;s;rv;[y;;c;I j;b;;b;d;rI y;ur;ep;;t;Il a;i[; WT;r a;if>:ke:t;Il n;v;e dex; x;;eQ;[;;re, vy;;p;;rI, v;s;;ht;v;;dI y;;]c;I. k:;r[; !;wp; 4 h; !;wp; 3 x;I !;wp; 1 p;eZ;; aiQ;k: s;]lgn; a;he. t;s;ec; m;h;r;eg;;c;e a;if>:ke:t;Il sq;l;]t;r B;Uim;m;;g;;*n;e p;Uv;e*p;;s;Un; p;iSc;m;ek:#e as;e z;;le n;;hI. t;r vy;;p;;rI j;lm;;g;;*n;e z;;le. n;]t;r p;iSc;m; a;if>:ke:m;Q;Un; a@r;vy;; x;t;k:;t;Il g;ul;m;;]c;; vy;;p;;r (Slave trade) s;uO z;;Dy;;n;]t;r m;h;r;eg; it;q;Un; k\:rIib;y;n; dex;;]t;, m;g; b;>;iz;lm;Q;e a;l; a;i[; b;huQ;; diZ;[; am;eirke:t; g;el;. y;; diZ;[; am;eirke:t;Il p;>dex;;t; !;wp; 4 c;e Ak:;k:I r;ihlele n;m;un;e a;$Lt;;t;.
2. d;enhI am;eirk:;]m;Q;e a;$L[;;re r;eg;j;]t;U he y;ur;eip;y;n;«W. a;if>:k:n; p;>k:;r;cy;; s;]iáQ; a;het;. y;ur;ep; m;Q;Un; z;;leDy;; v;s;;ht;v;;dI a;F;:m;[;e a;i[; sq;l;]t;r;]m;Q;Un; wq;e m;h;r;eg;;c;I a;y;;t; z;;lI.
3. leK;;n;e n;m;Ud ke:leDy;; Ak:; Wd;hr[;;t; a@r; a;i[; Ak:;e[;Is;;vy;; x;t;k:;]t; sk\:in#n;eiv;y;n; l;ek:;n;I am;eirke:cy;; m;Qy;-p;iSc;m; (im;#v;es!) r;jy;;]t; jy;; v;s;;ht;I ke:Dy;;, ty;; k:;L;t; t;eq;Il b;Ry;;c; m;h;r;eg;;cy;; ke:s;es; m;;hIt; z;;Dy;;.
4. a;[;K;I s;b;L p;ur;v;; mh[;j;e, am;eirke:t;Il Ak: p;>k:;rc;I j;]g;lI G;Us; (a;m;;*i#l;e) . luwiz;y;;n;; m;Q;Il G;ux;I]t; !;wp; 3 c;e Am;lep;>I a;$Lle. y;; G;ux;I]m;Q;Il m;;n;v;;]k:#Un;c; s;]s;ig;*lel; m;h;r;eg; f:;r j;un;;hI n;;hI. y;; ix;v;;y; he m;h;r;eg;;c;e j;]t;U a;[;K;I ku:@e j;im;n;It; ik:]v;; wt;r p;>;[y;;]m;Q;e as;Dy;;c;; m;;g;m;Us; n;;hI.
5. a;[;K;I ty;;t;hI lZ;;t; G;e[y;;s;;rK;I g;;e{! mh[;j;e b;Ry;;c; p;>k:;rc;e SNP c;e Strains Ake: i@k:;[;I ku:@e as;t;Il t;r t;e f>e:nc; v;es! w]#Ij;< (m;;i!*n;Ik<:, gv;;#;l;ep;<, s;en! m;;i!*n;, a;i[; s;e]! b;;q;*lem;I hI b;e!e) a;i[; ny;U k\:il#;ein;y;; y;; B;;g;;]t;. mh[;j;e hI am;eirke:t;Il m;h;r;eg;;c;I p;>v;ex;è;rec; a;i[; y;;n;; n;e[;;re p;>v;;s;IhI v;eg;Lec;.
y;; s;]x;;eQ;n;;n;e B;;rt;;v;rc;; Ak: @p;k:; a;p;;ea;p; n;{! ke:l; a;he. m;h;r;eg; a;j; B;;rt;;t; as;el, a;i[; B;;rt;Iy; ty;;c;e in;m;U*ln; k:r[y;;c;e p;>y;tn;hI k:rt;Il v; k:rIt; a;het;hI. p;[; t;;e B;;rt;;t; j;nm;;s; a;l; n;;hI a;i[; it;q;Un; t;;e j;g;B;r p;s;rv;l;hI n;;hI. B;;rt; he m;h;r;eg;;c;e a;êsq;;n; n;vhe. #;|. k:;el a;i[; ty;;]cy;; s;hk:;Ry;;n;; he s;ty; WG;#k:Is; a;[;[y;;b;äl a;m;c;e x;t;x;/ Q;ny;v;;d.
leK;k: - #;|. y;x;v;]t; k:;rK;;n;Is;
an;uv;;d - b;]#U f:#ke:
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